The outside of the human brain is highly folded, helping to pack billions of neurons and other cells into the relatively small space of our skulls. The folds are called sulci, and many of the larger ones are prominent and consistent enough to be used as anatomical landmarks, while others are so small and variable that they have been left out of brain atlases entirely. But a new study from UC Berkeley researchers suggests that some of these small, largely overlooked sulci may actually be important for understanding one of our most uniquely human characteristics — our capacity for complex thought — and how it develops in children and adolescents.
The study, published in Nature Communications, was the result of a collaboration between the labs of Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute (HWNI) members Kevin Weiner and Silvia Bunge, and was led by Psychology PhD student Willa Voorhies. Weiner is an assistant professor of psychology who studies neuroanatomy related to cognition, and Bunge is a professor of psychology who studies the neuroscience of cognitive development in children. For this study, they combined their respective expertise and discovered that the depth of some small sulci — called tertiary sulci — in the lateral prefrontal cortex of the brain is associated with reasoning ability in children and teens.
Reasoning ability develops as children grow into adults, and the brain also undergoes major changes during this time. Many of these changes occur in the prefrontal cortex of the brain, an area that is critical for high-level cognitive functions and is enlarged in humans compared to other species. But, how exactly the prefrontal cortex changes and how that might relate to cognitive development was not known. Voorhies says this is largely because the anatomy of the prefrontal cortex, and how it relates to specific functions, is still not well described.
“One influential neuroscientist who was trying to understand functional subdivisions in the prefrontal cortex likened it to a bowl of porridge,” Bunge adds. The researchers set out to both improve the map of the prefrontal cortex and investigate how changes in its structure throughout childhood could relate to the development of reasoning skills.